High Frequency Pulse Propagation in Nonlinear Dielectric Materials

We consider a variational formulation based on Maxwell’s equations for the propagation of high frequency (gigahertz to terahertz) ultrashort input pulses in dielectric materials modeled by a linear Debye medium. We demonstrate computationally the emergence of Brillouin precursors in the material (water) and the fact that the peak of this transient is attenuated at a much slower rate than is the carrier frequency. In the 0.1 to 1 THz regime the carrier frequency does not propagate in our calculations. Only the precursors enter the material, and this is in line with experiments reported by Pleshko and Palocz [11]. We also implement models that include nonlinearly forced Debye and nonlinear Debye polarization dynamics and demonstrate the importance of nonlinear effects, especially when the amplitude of the input signal is large. This is an important step in understanding high frequency pulse propagation, and it has potential applications in the assessment of safety standards and in extending current imaging capabilities in both civilian and military uses.